Payroll tax is a tax that NS, as the employer, withholds from the salaries of employees and then pays to the tax authorities. NS’s costs are largely subject to the high VAT rate. NS can set off the VAT that is charged against the VAT that it has to pay on its sales. Most of NS’s sales are taxed at the lower VAT rate or are zero-rated. In the United Kingdom, the VAT rate on the sale of train tickets is zero. Corporate income tax is paid on the tax profit. The amounts paid or received are shown in the table below in millions of euros.